Nylon

The development of chemically resistant nylon materials is essential for addressing corrosion challenges in complex industrial environments. Although conventional nylon offers good mechanical and thermal properties, it degrades rapidly in strong acids, alkalis, solvents, and oxidizing agents due to hydrolysis and chain scission. To overcome this limitation, researchers have developed high-performance chemically resistant nylons such as PA6T, PA9T, PPA, and modified PA6/PA66 reinforced with fluorination or composite fillers. The essence of chemical resistance lies in suppressing molecular polarity and reducing hygroscopicity. By introducing aromatic structures or aryl substituents, molecular rigidity is enhanced and hydrogen bond disruption is minimized. Fluorinated groups form a hydrophobic barrier at the molecular level, preventing acid and base penetration. For components exposed to aggressive environments—such as fuel system fittings, chemical pumps, fluid connectors, and EV cooling system parts—these nylons can maintain structural stability for over 5000 hours. During processing, composite reinforcement further enhances performance. Glass fiber, carbon fiber, or mineral fillers reduce water absorption and improve dimensional stability. However, poor interfacial bonding may lead to microchannels for chemical intrusion. Therefore, coupling agents like silanes or fluorinated surface treatments are applied to strengthen the interface, ensuring mechanical integrity and corrosion resistance. With the rapid growth of electric vehicles, chemical processing equipment, and semiconductor manufacturing, the demand for corrosion-resistant polymers continues to rise. Nylon, with its processability and cost-effectiveness, is replacing certain metals and thermoset materials, particularly under moderate to high-temperature chemical conditions. Future research will emphasize multi-layer protective systems, combining bulk and surface resistance through nanocoatings, plasma treatment, and hybrid composites. Environmentally friendly variants with low moisture uptake and recyclability will lead the next stage of industrial nylon development.

Nylon (polyamide), as one of the most important engineering plastics in modern industry, has become a core material in automotive manufacturing, electrical and electronic applications, and textile industries due to its unique molecular structure and adjustable physicochemical properties. Among various nylon types, nylon 6 (PA6) and nylon 66 (PA66), the "twin brothers," account for about 70% of the market share. Their performance differences stem from subtle variations in molecular chain design, which also provides material scientists with abundant modification possibilities. From a molecular structure perspective, the essential difference between these two materials lies in monomer selection and polymerization methods. Nylon 6 is prepared through ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam monomers, with amide groups (-NH-CO-) regularly spaced every five carbon atoms in its molecular chain, giving the chains moderate flexibility. In contrast, nylon 66 is produced by polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, forming alternately arranged amide groups with four carbon atoms between each. This more regular arrangement results in higher crystallinity. These microscopic structural differences directly manifest in macroscopic properties: nylon 66 has a melting point of about 260°C, approximately 40°C higher than nylon 6; its tensile strength reaches 80MPa, about 15% higher than nylon 6. However, high crystallinity is a double-edged sword. While nylon 66 boasts better heat resistance and mechanical strength, its water absorption (about 2.5%) is significantly higher than nylon 6 (about 1.6%). This occurs because the orderly molecular chains are tightly packed in crystalline regions, while the polar amide groups in amorphous regions more readily absorb water molecules. Water absorption can lead to dimensional changes (nylon 66's water absorption expansion rate can reach 0.6%), which requires special attention in precision component applications. To address this issue, engineers have developed various modification solutions: adding 30% glass fiber can reduce water absorption to below 1%; using nanoclay modification improves dimensional stability while maintaining transparency; the latest surface hydrophobic treatment technologies can control water absorption within 0.5%. In practical engineering applications, these two materials demonstrate distinct specializations. Nylon 66, with its excellent heat resistance, has become the material of choice for engine compartment components (such as intake manifolds and throttle valves), with long-term service temperatures reaching 180°C. Nylon 6, with its better toughness and processing fluidity, is widely used in manufacturing transmission gears, power tool housings, and other parts requiring impact resistance. Regarding processing techniques, nylon 6's melting temperature (220-240°C) is significantly lower than nylon 66's (260-290°C), which not only reduces energy consumption but also shortens molding cycles, making it particularly suitable for producing complex thin-walled products. A typical example is food packaging film, where nylon 6 can be blow-molded below 200°C while maintaining excellent oxygen barrier properties. With increasingly stringent environmental regulations, the sustainable development of nylon materials has become an industry focus. Bio-based nylons (such as PA56 made from castor oil) reduce carbon emissions by 30% compared to conventional nylons; chemical recycling technologies can depolymerize nylon 6 from waste fishing nets and carpets back into caprolactam monomers, achieving closed-loop recycling. Notably, in the electric vehicle era, nylon 66 has found new applications in battery module supports and charging interfaces due to its excellent thermal stability. In the future, through the combination of molecular structure design and composite modification technologies, the nylon family will continue to expand its applications in lightweight, high-temperature resistance, and sustainability.